The Normal Apex Cardiogram

The Normal Apex Cardiogram

T HE apex cardiogram was described in 1878 by Marey.' With the exception of its utilization in the timing of the opening snap of the mitral valve 2 3 and in the identification of the third and fourth heart sounds,4-6 it has been used only infrequently as an aid in timing cardiac phenomena. Technical difficulties in its recording have obstructed its more universal application and, more particula...

The Normal Apex Cardiogram Its Temporal

T HE apex cardiogram was described in 1878 by Marey.' With the exception of its utilization in the timing of the opening snap of the mitral valve 2 3 and in the identification of the third and fourth heart sounds,4-6 it has been used only infrequently as an aid in timing cardiac phenomena. Technical difficulties in its recording have obstructed its more universal application and, more particula...

The Apex Cardiogram: Its Normal Features Explained by Those Found in Heart Disease.

The apex cardiogram in left bundle-branch block.

The apex cardiogram and its relation to intracardiac events has been well studied (Benchimol and Dimond, 1963; Tafur, Cohen, and Levine, 1964; Tavel et al., 1965; Coulshed and Epstein, 1963). This simple clinical procedure can be used to determine the length of isovolumic contraction, and this may relate to the state of myocardial contractility (Sambhi, 1960; Reeves et al., 1960; Siegel and Son...

The Apex Cardiogram in Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction.

392 rest. In patients T.T. and M.J. the diagnosis was not suspected until cardiac catheterization. The former had a ventriculo-aortic gradient of 18 mm. Hg during exercise. In patients M.S., R.G., R.J., and M.P. the diagnosis had been suggested by clinical examination, since these patients presented many of the features characteristic of this condition.2 These four patients had a resting subval...